BOT-401: CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY
BOT-402: BIOLOGY AND DIVERSITY OF LOWER PLANTS
BOT-403: TAXONOMY & DIVERSITY OF SEED PLANTS
BOT-404: COMPUTER APPLICATIONS & BIOSTATISTICS
BOT-501: ENVIRONMENTAL BIOLOGY
BOT-502: GENETICS & EVOLUTION
BOT-503: PLANT PHYSIOLOGY
BOT-504: BIOCHEMISTRY & INSTRUMENTATION
BOT-601: PLANT DEVELOPMENT & REPRODUCTION
BOT 401 : CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY
¨ An overview of cell organization; Structure of pro-and eukaryotic cell.
¨ Experimental approaches for studying cells : Various types of light microscopy, Electron microscopy, fixation and staining, cytochemical methods and cell fractionation (flow cytometry)
¨ Cell organization : Structure and functions of membranes, nucleus, Endoplastic retoculum, Goldi complex, ribosomes, lysosomes, peroxisomes and glyoxysomes.
¨ The cytoskeleton and cell motility Microtubules, microfilaments and intermediate filaments.
¨ Cell cycle and cell division.
¨ Nucleic acids as carries of genetic information; Physical properties and structure of DNA and RNA.
¨ Replication of DNA : Enzyme and proteins involved in replication. DNA repair mechanisms.
¨ Transcription of DNA, post transcriptional modifications of RNA and control of transcription. Genetic code and its properties.
¨ Translation of RNA in pro and eukaryotes. Control of translation and protein targeting.
References Books:
Molecular biology of the cell, 1994 : By Bruce Alberts et al; Garland publishing New York.
Cell and molecular biology, 1999 : By Gerald Karp, John Wiley, London.
Cell and molecular biology, 1987 : By DeRobertis and DeRobertis, Lee and Febiger, Washington.
Molecular cell biology, 2000 : By Lodish et al; W. H. freeman & Company, Newyork.
BOT 402 : BIOLOGY AND DIVERSITY OF LOWER PLANTS :
a. Archebacteria and eubacteria: General account; ultrastructure, nutrition and reproduction biology and economic importance; cyanobacteria salient features and biological importance.
b. Viruses : Characteristics and ultrastructure of virions; isolation and purification of viruses; chemical nature, replication, transmission of viruses; economic importance.
c. Phytoplasma : General characteristics and role in causing plant diseases.
Phycology : Algae in diversified habits (terrestrial, freshwater, marine); thallus organization; cell ultrastructure; reproduction (vegetative, asexual, sexual); criteria for classification of algae: pigments, reserve food, flagella; classification, salient features of Protochlorophyta, Chlorophyta, Charophyta, Xanthophyta, Bacillariophyta, Phaeophyta and Rhodophyta; algal blooms.
Mycology : General characters of fungi; substrate relationship in fungi; cell ultrastructure; unicellular and multicellular organization; cell wall composition; nutrition (saprobic, biotrophic, symbiotic); reproduction (vegetative, asexual, sexual); heterothallism; heterokaryosis; parasexuality; recent trends in classification.
Phylogeny of fungi; general account of Mastigomycotina, Zygomycotina, Ascomycotina, Basidiomycotina, Deuteromycotina; fungi in industry, medicine and as food; fungal diseases in plants and humans; Mycorrhizae; fungi as biocontrol agents.
Bryophyta : Morphology, structure, reproduction and life history; distribution; classification; general account of Marchantiales; Jungermaniales, Anthoceratales, Sphangales, Funariales and Polytrichales; economic and ecological importace.
Pteridophyta : Morphology, anatomy and reproduction; classification; evolution of stele; heterospory and origin of seed habit; general account of fossi pteriodophyta; introduction to Psilopsida, Lycopsida, Sphenopsida and Pteropsida.
Reference Books :
Alexopoulus, C. J., Mims, C. W. and Blackwel, M., Introductory Mycology, John Wiley & Sons Inc.
Clifton, A., Introduction to the Bacteria. McGraw-Hill Book Co., New York.
Kumar, H. D. Introductory Phycology. Affilated East-West Press Ltd., New Delhi.
Mandahar, C. L. Introduction to Plant Viruses. Chand & Co. Ltd., Delhi.
Mehrotra, R. S. and Aneja, R. S. An Introduction to Mycology. New Age Intermediate Press.
Parihar, N. S. Bryophyta. Central Book Depot, Allahabad.
Puri, P. Bryophytes. Atma Ram & Sons, Delhi.
Rangaswamy, G. and Mahadevan, A. 1999. Diseases of Crop Plants in India. Prentice Hall of India Pvt. Ltd., New Delhi.
Round, F. E. The Biology of Algae. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.
Sporne, K. K. The Morphology of Pteridophytes. B. I. Publishing Pvt. Ltd., Bombay.
Stewart, W. N. and Rathwell, G. W. Paleobotany and the Evolution of Plants. Cambridge University Press.
Webster, J. Introduction to Fungi. Cambridge University Press.
BOT-403 : TAXONOMY & DIVERSITY OF SEED PLANTS
Introduction: gymnosperms, the vessel-less and fruitless seed plants varying in the structure of their sperms, pollen grains, pollen germination and the complexity of their female gametophytye; evolution of gymnosperms.
Brief account of the families of Pteridospermales : Lyginopteridaceae, Medullosaceae, Caytoniaceae and Glossopteridaceae.
General account of Cycadeoidales and Cordaitales.
Structure and reproduction in Cycadales, Ginkgoales, Coniferales, Ephedrales, Welwitschiales and Gnetales.
Origin Of Intrapopulation Variation: population and the environment; ecads and ecotypes; evolution and differentiation of species- various models.
The species concept: taxonomic hierarchy, species, genus, family and other categories; principles used in assessing relationship, delimitation of taxa and attribution of rank.
Salient features of the international code of botanical nomenclature.
Taxonomic evidence: morphology, anatomy, palynology, embryology, cytology; phytochemistry; genome analysis and nucleic acid hybridization.
Taxonomic tools: Herbarium; floras; histological, cytological, phytochemical, serological, biochemical and molecular techniques; computers and GIS.
Systems of angiosperm classification: phenetic versus phylogenetic systems; cladistics in taxonomy; relative merits and demerits of major systems of classification; relevance of taxonomy to conservation, sustainable utilization of bio-resources and ecosystem research.
Concepts of phytogeography: endemism, hotspots and hottest hotspots; plant explorations; invasions and introductions; local plant diversity and its socio-economic importance.
Reference Books :
Bhatnagar,S.P. and Moitra, A. 1996. Gymnosperms.
Gurcharan Singh. Plant systematics: Theory and Practice
Heywood (ed.) Modern Methods in Plant Taxonomy
Jeffery, C. An Introduction to Plant Taxonomy
Jones, S.B., Luchsinger, A.L.1987. Plant Systematics
Judd, W.S; Campbell, C.S., Kellogg, E.A; Stevens, P.F. 1999. Plant Systematics: A phylogenetic approach
Lawrence, G.H.M. Vascular Plant Systematics
Nordenstam, B., EI Gazaly, G. and Kassas, M. 2000. Plant systematics for 21st century.
Radford, A. 1986. Fundamentals of Plant Systematics
Solbrig, O.T.1970. Principles and Methods of Plant Biosystematics
Sporne, K. Morphologhy of gymnosperms
Stace, C. A.1980. Plant Taxonomy and Biosystematics
Stebins, G.L. Variation and Evolution in Plants.
Turrill, W.B. Vistas in Botany vol. IV (Recent Researches in Plant Taxonomy)
Woodland, D.W. Contemporary plant systematics.
BOT - 404 : COMPUTER APPLICATIONS AND BIOSTATISTICS
¨ History, development and types of computers.
General awareness of computer systems hardware and software (CPU and other peripheral devices, computer arithmetic, computer logic, programming languages machine language, assembly language, higher level languages).
¨ Definitions and scope of Biostatistics :
Variable in biology, collection, classification and tabulation of data. Graphical and diagrammatic representation, histogram, frequency polygon, frequency curve.
¨ Descriptive statistics :
Measures of central tendency Mean (arithmetic, harmonic and geometric), Median and Mode.
Measures of dispersion Standard deviation and standard errors.
¨ Elements of probability theory. Probability distributions binominal, Poisson and normal distribution. Correlation coefficient. Simple linear regression. Probit and logit analysis.
¨ Basic idea of significance test. Statistical hypotheses, types of errors, level of significance, Students t, chi-square, goodness of fit and F tests.
¨ General awareness and use of popular software package for word processing, DBMS, spread sheets, graphics, statistical packages SPSS, SAS, MINITAB, MATLAB etc.,
¨ Bioinformatics :
Introduction to bioinformatics. Use of nucleic acid and protein data banks NCBI, EMBL, DDBJ, SWISSPORT. Multiple sequence alignment. Gene prediction. Genome analysis and phylogenetic prediction.
Reference Books :
D. H. Sanders Computers Today. Mc. Graw-Hill. Book Company.
C. Gibas and P. Jamback : Developing bioinformatics computer skills. OReilly Associates.
J. Peek, G. Todino & J. Straug Learning the unix operating system. OReilly Associates.
P. Baldi & S. Brunak. Bioinformatics A machine learning approach. M. I. T. Press.
A. D. Bzxevanis and B. F. F. Onellette Bioinformatics : A Practical guide to the analysis of lienes and Proteins.
S. Misenes and S. A. Krawetz (Eds.) Methods in molecular biology Vol. 132. Bioinformatics Methods and protocols.
S. C. Gupta. Fundamentals of Statistics. Himalaya Pub. House.
J. Medhi. Statistical Methods An introductory text. New Age International (P) Ltd. Publishers.
P. S. S. Sudar Rao & J. Richard. An introduction to biostatistics. Prentice Hall of India. N. Delhi.
BOT 501 : ENVIRONMENTAL BIOLOGY
¨ Environmental and Ecology : Concept of Biosphere, its components, development and functioning, Ecological considerations; population growth; Limiting factors and their operation; Ecological balances and survival threshholds; Need for preservation of environmental quality.
¨ Ecosystems and their functioning : Structural and functional attributes of Ecosystem; Biogeochemical cycles; Natural succession; Dynamic equilibrium and factors contributing to it; Major Ecosystems on Earth; Habitat and Niche; Diversity and stability in the ecosystem.
¨ Impact of human activities on Environment : Over exploitation of natural resources including biological resources; indiscriminate agriculture; big dams; mining; urbanization and industrialization.
¨ Environmental Pollution and Treatment : Atmosheric pollution; water pollution; land degradation; Pollution and Environmental Health.
¨ Fossil fuels and the Environment : Conservation of Non Renewable Energy Resources and Alternative energy resources and Environment.
¨ Environmental Impact Assessment and Management : Concept of Environmental inventory and impact assessment, key steps in EA process with reference to big dams/ chemical industries/ power plants/mining; methods for forecasting, assessing and preparing environmental impact statement, reviewing and evaluating EIA report; Environmental Audit: Programme planning, on-site audit, post-audit activities, Restoration of ecosystem.
¨ Environmental Laws : Air quality and emission standards; Air pollution legislation and regulations; Functions of the central Board and the state Boards; Environmental law in independent India.
¨ Environmental Education : Meaning, scope and principles of environmental education; Role of environmental education in bringing awareness among the public in problem solving and management; formal and informal environmental education; Role of various kinds of mass media in environmental education.
¨ Biological diversity, concepts and levels, role of biodiversity in ecosystem functions and stability, speciation and extinction, local categories of threat, terrestial biodiversity hot-spots.
Reference Books :
Trivedi, P. R. and Singh, U. K. Global environmental Education
Botkin, D. B. and Keller, E. A. Environmental Science: Earth as a living Planet
Kaufman, D. G. and Fraz, C. M. Biosphere 2000 : Protecting our Global Environment
Chary, EP Fundamentals of Ecology
The State of Indias Environment : The second citizens Report Centre for Science and Environment
B. C. Rana. Biomonitoring
Botkin, E. B. et. al. Changing the Global Environment : Perspectives on Human Involvement
Saxena, A. B. Environmental Education
Khoshoo, T. N. Environmental priorities in India and sustainable development
Mansfield : Effect of Air pollution on plants
Masson, C. J. Biology of pollution
BOT 502 GENETICS AND EVOLUTION
¨ Genetics & Plant Breeding :
Principles of Mendelian inheritance; Chromosome structure and function; Interaction of genes; Gene structure and regulation of gene expression; Linkage and genetic mapping; Extrachromosomal inheritance; Mutation; DNA damage and repair, Chromosomal aberrations; Ploidy; Transposons; Sex determination and Sex-linked inheritance and genetic disorders; Somatic cell genetics.
History, methods and objectives of plant breeding; Present status and future prospects; Origin, domenstication and introduction of crop plants; Modes of reproduction asexual and sexual reproduction, determination of mode of reproduction in a species, modes of pollination, mechanism of pollination control, self incompatibility, male sterility; Breeding in self pollinate crops; Hybridization: History, objectives and procedures in hybridization, consequences of hybridization; Polyploidy in plant breeding; application of polyploidy in crop improvement and its limitations.
¨ Evolution :
Introduction, Fundamental Evolutionary process. The elemental forces of Evolution. The sources of variation. The role of Natural Selection, Evidence of organic Evolution & theories of organic evolution.
Result of evolution adaptive; Evolutionary devergence : Plant diversity as a result of evolution, Isolating mechanisms.
Reference Books :
Strickberger M. W. Genetics. Third Edition. Macmillan Publishing co. New York.
Robert Weaber & Philip W. Hedrick. Basic Genetics, Second Edition. W. M. C. Brown Publishers Dubuque lowq.
Anna C. Pal & Helen M. Roberts. Genetics its concepts & implications, Prentic Hall Inc. Engle clifts, New Jersey. USA
Edmund W. Sinnot, L. C. Dunn & T. Dobzhansky, Principles of Genetics. McGraw Hill Book company Inc. New York, USA.
A. M. Sr & R. W. Owen. General Genetics, W. H. Freeman & Company, Sanfrancisco.
P. K. Gupta, Genetics. Rastogi Publications. Shivaji Road Meerut, India.
Stebbins G. L. Variation & Evolution in plant.
G. Ledyard Stebbins. Process of organic Evolution.
Jay M. Savage. Evolution
Edward O. Dodson. Evolution : Process & Product.
Paul Amos Moody. Introduction to Evolution.
BOT 503 : PLANT PHYSIOLOGY
¨ Introduction : The scope of Plant Physiology
¨ Plant cells and water : Translocation of water Bulk flow, Diffusion, Osmosis; The concept of water potential
¨ Water relations of the whole plant : Transpiration, The ascent of xylem water, Roots, Soil and the uptake of water; Absorption of water by roots.
¨ Plants and Inorganic Nutrients : The essential nutrient element; beneficial elements; Nutrient roles and deficiency symptoms; Toxicity of micronutrients; Absorption of mineral salts.
¨ Photosynthesis : Light and pigments; Light dependent reactions of Photosynthesis; Carbon metabolism The Photosynthetic Carbon Reduction (PCR) cycle; Activation and regulation of the PCR cycle, The C4 syndrome, Crasslacean Acid Metabolism (CAM), Regulation of C4 photosynthesis and CAM; Translocation and distribution of photoassimilates.
¨ Respiration and Photorespiration: Reaction, Mechanism and factors.
¨ Photomorphogenesis Responding to light: Photomorphogenesis: Phytochrome, Phytochrome in dark grown seeding, Physiological effects of Phytochrome Phytochrome in green plants, Phytochrome under natural conditions, mechanism of Phytochrome action.
¨ Plant growth regulators and elicitors: Physiological effects and mechanism of action of auxins, gibberellins, Cytokinins, ethylene, abscisic acid, brassinosteroids, Polyamines, Saliylic acid hormone receptors, signal transduction and gene expression.
¨ Photoperiodism and Rhythmic Phenomena : Photoperodism; the Biological Clock, Genetic approaches to photoperiodism, and rhythms; Photoperiodism in nature.
¨ Temperature and Plant Development : Temperature in the Plant environment, Influence of temperature on growth and plant distribution, and development.
¨ The physiology of plant under stress: water stress, Temperature stress, salt stress, Insects and diseases.
Reference Books :
Hopkins, W. G. Introduction to Plant Physiology. 2nd Edition. John Wiley & Sons, New York.
Salisbury, F. B. and Ross, C. W. Plant Physiology, 4th Edition. Wadsworth Publishing Company, California.
Marschner, H. Water relations of plants. Academic Press, New York.
Briggs, W. R. (ed.) Plant hormones. Klywer Academic Publishers, Dordrecht.
Kendrick, R. E. and Kroenber, G. H. M., Photomorphogenesis in plants, 2nd Edition, Kluwer Academic Publishers, Dordrecht.
Thomas, B. and Vince-Prue, D. Photoperodism in plants, 2nd Edition. Academic Press, San Dieo
Bewley, J. D. and Black, M. Seeds : Physiology of development and germination. Plenum, New York.
Levitt, J. Responses of plants to environmental stresses. Academic Press, New York.
Witham et. al. Experiments in Plant Physiology. Van Nostrand Renhold Company, New York.
Meidner, H. Class experiments in Physiology. George Allen & Unwin Publishers Ltd., London
Kalra, Y. P. (ed.). Hand book of reference methods for plant analysis. CRC Press, USA.
BOT 504 : BIOCHEMISTRY AND INSTRUMENTATION
¨ Biomolecules :
Carbohydrates : Classification, Polysaccharides structural and storage polysaccharides, Cell wall architecture, components
Lipids : Classification and structure and properties of differential lipids, lipid bilayers, interactions cutin, suberin and waxes
Proteins : Primary structure- polypeptide diversity, three dimensional structure secondary, tertiary and quaternary structure, biological functions, storage and utilization in seeds.
Enzymes : General properties, reaction kinetics, inhibition and regulation
Phenolics : flavonoids, lignins, quinones structure and properties
Metabolism
Carbohydrates : synthesis, mobilization and transport of storage carbohydrates, biosynthesis.
Lipids : fatty acid oxidation and biosynthesis, biosynthesis of triacylglycerols and membrane lipids.
Phenolics : biosynthesis of flavanoids and lignin
Protein : synthesis and degradation in plant cells
¨ Instrumentation :
Introduction : Scope and applications of instrumental methods of analysis in separation and identification of biomolecules.
Separation techniques : Separation and characterization of biomolecules using centrifugation; Elecrophoresis and Chromatography (Principles, types, applications and limitations.)
Spectroscopy : Theory, instrumentation and uses of Visible, UV, Infrared (IR), Atomic Absorption (AAS), Nuclear Resonance (NMR), Electron Spin Resonance (ESR) and mass spectroscopic (MS) techniques.
Radioisotope techniques : Stable radioisotopes ; types of radioactive decay; detection and measurement of radioactivity in biological specimens based on Gas ionization (Geiger-Muller Counters); excitation (Solid and liquid scintillation counting) and autoradiography.
Reference Books :
Dennis, D. T., D. H. Turpin, D. D. Lefebvre and D. B. Layzell : Plant Metabolism. Addison Wesley Longman Ltd. England.
Doby, G. : Plant Biochemistry. Inter Science Publishers, New York
Dey, P. M. and J. B. Horborne: Plant Biochemistry. Academic Press, London.
Lehninger, A. L., D. L. Nelson and M. M. cox 2000: Principles of Biochemistry. CBS Publishers and Distributors, New Delhi.
Sadasivam, S. and A. Manickam : Biochemical Methods. 2nd edition. New Age International (P) Ltd. New Delh.
Voet, D., J. G. Voet and C. W. Pratt : Fundamentals of Biochemistry. John Wiley & sons, Inc. New York.
Zubay, G. : Biochemistry. Vol. 1 3. Wm. C. brown Publishers, Oxford, England K. Wilson and J. Walker. Principles and techniques of practical biochemistry :
D. R. Browning. Spectroscopy :
D. A. Skoog. Instrumental methods of analysis
H. H. Willard et. al. Instrumental methods of analysis.
D. Freifelder Physical Biochemistry:
Anand and Chatwal. Spectroscopy.
¨ Introduction to growth and development of higher plants :
The major groups of plants; The structure of higher plants The cell, meristems; simple tissue; complex tissues and tissue systems Protective systems, Absorbing systems, Supporting systems, Photosynthesic systems, Storage systems, Transporting systems; Secretory and Excretory systems, Aerating systems; Movement systems of positional perception, Intra-organismal communication systems.
Concepts of plant growth and development from an organismal perspective.
Seed to seedling : Seed germination, seedling growth.
Seedling to adult plant Primary vegetative body of the Plant : Growth and Differentiation of the shoot, leaf and root; Secondary body of the plant: The vascular cambium, secondary xylem, secondary phloem, periderm.
Reproduction : Floral evocation and development of the floral meristem, formation of floral organs, Microsporogenesis and formation of the male gametophyte, Megasprogenesis and formation of the embryo sac, Pollen-pistill interaction and fertilization.
Seed and Fruit formation : Endosperm development and embryogenesis, Fruit growth and ripening, Dormancy of seeds and buds.
Alternative Development strategies : Embryonic development of somatic cells and pollen grains, Abnormal Growth.
Reference Books :
Carlquist, S. Comparative Wood Anatomy, Springer Verlag, Berlin.
Cuter, D. F., Applied Plant Anatomy, Logman, London.
Cutter, E. G. Plant Aatomy : Experiment and Interpretation : Part 2 Orgnas. Edward Arnold, London.
Cutter, E. G., Plant Anatomy : Part 1 Cells and Tissues, 2nd Edition, Edward Arnold, London.
Eames, A. J. and Mac Daniels, L. H. An Introduction to Plant Anatomy, 2nd Edition, McGraw Hill, New York.
Fahn, A., Plant Anatomy, 4th Edition, Butterworth, Heinemann Ltd.
Fosket, D. E., Plant Growth and Development : A Molecular Approach. Academic press, San Diego.
Kozolowski, T. T., Growth and Development of Trees. Vols. I and II. Academic Press, New York.
Lyndon, R. F., Plant Development: The cellular basis. Unwin Hyman, London.
Maheswari, P. An Introduction to the Embryology of Agiosperms. McGraw-Hill Book Co., New York.
Mauseth, J. D. Plant Anatomy, The Benjamin/Cummings Publishing Co. California.
Metcalfe, C. R. and Chalk. L. Anatomy of the Dicotyledons. 2nd Edition Vol III, Clarendon Press, Oxford.
Metcalfe, C. R. and Chalk. L. Anatomy of the Dicotyledos, Vols.I and II, Clarendon Press, Oxford.
Murphy, T. M. and Thompson, W. F. Molecular Plant Development, Prentice Hall, New Jersey.
Peter, W., Jeske, H., Jurgens, G. ,Kloppstech, K. and Link, G. Molecular Plant Development: from gene to plant. Oxford University Press, Oxford, NY.
Raghavan, V. An Introduction to the Embryology of Angiosperms. McGraw Hill Book Co., NY.
Raghavan, V. Developmental Biology of Flowering Plants. Springer Verlag, NY.
Romberger, J. A., Hejnowicz, Z. and Hill, J. F. Plant Structure : Function and Development : A Treatise on Anatomy and Vegetative Development, with special reference to woody plants, Springer Verlag, NY
Zimmerman, M. H. and Brown, C. L. Trees Structure and Function, Springer-Verlag, Berlin.
¨ Concepts and scope of Biotechnology :
Cell & tissue culture in plants; callus cultures; in-vitro morphogenesis-organogenesis and embryogenesis; Artificial Seeds Micropropagation; Haploidy; Embryo cultures; Protoplast isolation, culture and protoplast fusion and somatic hybridiztion, Cybrids, Somaclonal Variation; in-vitro mutation methods; Virus elimination, pathogen indexing; Cryopreservation; Production of secondary metabolites and biotransformation;
Principles and methods of genetic engineering, and its applications in Agriculture.
Recombinant DNA technology; major events; methodologies and rationale of cloning a gene; Concept of restriction and modification; restriction endonucleases; modifying enzymes, Ligases, Host-Vector system; Plasmids, Phage vectors, M13, cosmids and expression vectors; Different strategies of cloning; genomic libraries, C-DNA libraries, gene tagging, Sequencing and sequence analysis, expression of the cloned genese, isolation and purification of the expressed product; PCR technology; Methods for transformation and transgenic plant production. PEG-mediated, microinjection, particle bombardment, electroporation, Agrobacterim tumefaciens and A. rhiogenes; Gene transfer methods in plants; transgenic plants production, principles and methods of genetic engineering and applications in Agricuture.
Algal and fungal Biotechnology degree and production of single cell protein for food, feed and fuels; mushroom cultivation; Algae in Agriculture; algal biofertilizers Seaweed for industrial production.
Biotechnology and intellectual property rights (IPR); Plant genetic resources GATT & TRIPS; Patent for higher plant genes and DNA sequence; International convention; Plant breeders rights and farmers rights.
Reference Books :
Plant biotechnology J Hammond, et. al., Springer Verlag.
Plant cell and tissue culture for production of food ingredients T J Fu, G Singh, et. al.
Biotechnology in crop improvement H S Chawla.
Practical application of plant molecular biology R J Henry, Chapman & Hall.
Elements of biotechnology P K Gupta.
An introduction to plant tissue culture M K Razdan.
Plant propagation by tissue culture : The technology (Vols. 1 & 2) Edwin George.
Handbook of plant cell culture (Vols. 1 to 4) Evans et. al., Macmillan.
Plant tissue and cell culture H E Street, Blackwell Scientific.
Cell culture and somatic cell genetics of plants (Vols. 1 to 3) A K Vasil, A. Press.
Plant cell culture technology M M Yeoman.
Plant tissue culture and its biotechnological applications W Bary, et. al., Springer Verlag.
Principles of plant biotechnology : An introduction to genetic engineering in plants S H Mantell, et. al.
Advances in biochemical engineering / Biotechnology Anderson, et. al.
Applied and fundamental aspects of plant cell tissue and organ culture edited by Reinert & Bajaj Y P S, Springer Verlag.
Plant cell and tissue culture S Narayanswamy, Tata Mc Graw Hill Co.
¨ Plants as sources of drugs, pharmaceauticals and pharmaceutical aids.
¨ Ethnomedicobotany: Basic approaches to study traditional knowledge on herbal medicine; Scope and potential applications.
¨ Collection methods of ethnomedicobotanical data: Field methods and scrutiny of Herbarium specimens and folklore; verification of data; collection of materials for voucher specimen and for phytochemical screening; application of ethnomedicobotany.
¨ Creating indigenous knowledge base of traditional medicines of plant origin.
¨ Pharmacognosy of drugs derived from alkaloids, glycosides, volatile oils, lipids, gums, resins, tannins and saponins.
¨ Drugs of botanical origin: Structure and physical properties and chemistry of secondary metabolites: phenols, phenolic glycosides, saponins, steroids, alkaloids, vitamins and harmones and natural antibiotics.
¨ Methods for screening natural sources for bioactive principles.
References Books:
S.K. Jain: A Manual of Ethnobotany
S.K. Jain: Glimpses of Indian Ethnobotany
S.K.Jain, B.K. Sinha and R.C.Gupta: Notable plants in Ethnomedicine of India
Ethnobotany
J.K. Maheswari: Dictionary of Indian Folk medicine and Ethnobotany
S.K. Jain: Useful plants of India
Chadwick,D.J. & Marsh, J.:Bioactive compounds from plants
Wiley Chichester, CIBA Foundation Symposium 185: Ethnobotany and the search for new drugs
J.B. Harborne: Phytochemical methods
J.C. Willis: Pharmacognosy
C.K. Kokate: Pharmacognosy
Trease, G.E and Evans, W.C.: Pharmacogonosy
¨ Plant Biodiversity : Concept, status in India, utilization and concerns.
Origin, evolution, botany, cultivation and uses of (i) Food, forage and fodder crops, (ii) fibre crops (iii) medicinal and aromatic plants, and (iv) vegetable oil yielding crops
¨ Forest products :
Important timber yielding planting.
Timber types, identification diagnostic features, structure & quality
Important fire wood plants
Non Timber forest products bamboos, rattans, fibers pulp; gums, resins, tanins, lotex, fruits & tubers.
Innovations for meeting world food demands.
Plants used as avenue trees for shade, pollution control and aesthetics.
Principles of conservation; extincitons; environmental status of plants based on International Union for Conservation of Nature.
¨ Strategies for conservation in situ conservation : International efforts and Indian initiatives; protected areas in India sanctuaries, national parks, biosphere reserves, wetlands, mangroves and coral reefs for conservation of wild biodiversity.
¨ Strategies for conservation ex situ conservation : Principles and practices; botanical gardens, fields gene banks, seed banks, in vitro repositories, cryobanks; general account of the activities of Botanical Survey of India (BSI), National Bureau of Plant Genetic Resources (NBPGR), Indian Council of Agricultural Research (ICAR), Council of Scientific & Industrial Research (CSIR), and the Department of Biotechnology (DBT) for conservation, non-formal conservation efforts.
Reference Books :
Anonymous. National Gene Bank: Indian Heritage on Plant Genetic Resources (Booklet). National Bureau of Plant Genetic Resources, New Delhi.
Arora, R. K. and Nayar, E. R. Wild Relatives of Crop Plants in India. NBPGR Science Monograph.
Baker, H. G. Plants and Civilization. C. A. Wadsworth, Belmont.
Bole, P. V. and Vaghani, Y. Field Guide to Common Indian Trees. Oxford University Press, Mumbai.
Chandel, K. P. S., Shukla, G. and Sharma, N. Biodiversity in Medicinal and Aromatic Plants in India : Conservation and Utilization. National Bureau of Plant Genetic Resources, New Delhi.
Cristi, B. R. CRC Handbook of Plant Sciences and Agriculture. Vol. I. In-situ conservation. CRC Press, Boca Raton, Florida, USA
Council of Scientific & Industrial Research. The Useful Plants of India. Publications and Information Directorate, CSIR, New Delhi.
Plant Wealth of India. Special Issue of Proceedings India National Science Academcy B 63
Rodgers, N. A. and Panwar, H. S. Planning a Wildlife Protected Area Network in India. Vol. 1. The Report Wildlife Institute of India, Dehradun.
Sahni, K. C. The Book of India Trees, Oxford University Press, Mumbai.
Sharma, O. P. Hills Economic Botany. Tata McGraw Hill Co. Ltd., New Delhi.
Swaminathan, M. S. and Kocchar, S. L. Plants and Society. Macmillan Publication Ltd., London.
Thakur, R. S., Puri, H. S. and Husain, A Major Medicinal Plants of India. Central Institute of Medicinal and Anomatic Plants, CSIR, Luchnow.